Biochemistry

EVALUATION OF TWO COLEOPTERANS, SITOPHILUS ORYZAE (L.) AND ORYZAEPHILUS SURINAMENSIS (L.) SURVIVAL ON PLANT EXTRACT TREATED RICE CULTIVARS IN NIGERIA

2024-06-13T14:10:20Z

EVALUATION OF TWO COLEOPTERANS, SITOPHILUS ORYZAE (L.) AND ORYZAEPHILUS SURINAMENSIS (L.) SURVIVAL ON PLANT EXTRACT TREATED RICE CULTIVARS IN NIGERIA OGUNTOLA, EMMANUEL AYODEJI Food production is very vital to the growth of any nation. Rice is a staple food for people living in rural and urban communities. One of the major threats against availability of rice is insect pest infestation in which both primary and secondary insect pests are involved. Although various synthetic chemical insecticides had been used against insect pests of rice but the effects of their residue on the health of rice consumers call for altinative save insecticides for food preservation. There is a need to search and screen for viable botanicals without harmful health effects on consumers. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of botanicals as a preservative for rice cultivars in southwestern Nigeria. Four kilograms each of eleven rice cultivars were collected in five states within southwestern Nigeria (Ekiti, Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, and Osun). Identified rice samples were assessed for proximate and heavy metal contents. Susceptibility tests of the rice cultivars were carried out by introducing rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis). Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to check the array of biochemical compounds in the rice samples. Methanolic extracts from three plant materials (Agerantum conyzoides, Petiveria alliacea, and Hyptis suaveolens) were tested for potential control of the two insect pests. Ten Sitophilus oryzae and Oryzaephilus surinamensis were introduced separately into 10 g of the rice samples. Methanolic extract from the A. conyzoides, P. alliacea, and H. suaveolens leaves were introduced in different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5) % for the period of 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. The solvent (methanol) was used as the control (0.0%). The most potent plant extracts were tested for acute toxicology effects on albino rats. The albino rats were grouped into four cohorts (four rats in a cohort) (control, 1, 2, and 3). The different cohorts were treated with the plant extract at 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg, and 1200mg/kg, while the control cohort was treated with normal saline. The extract was administered orally for 14 days. Toxicological effects were assessed using haematological parameters, as well as biochemical and histopathology of the Liver and kidney. Results obtained from this study revealed the range proximate composition of the rice cultivars as; moisture content 5.25 – 8.10 %, Crude fat 0.45 – 2.00%, Crude Protein 3.10 – 6.74, Ash 0.35-2.36, Crude fat 4.51-14.41; while Carbohydrate is between 71.54 and 79.10%. Among the heavy metals determined from the rice samples were Zinc (0.49 – 2.55), Manganese (0.07-1.62), Copper (0.02-0.21), and Nickel (0.03-0.08), with traces of Cadmium (0.01) in some of the rice cultivars, lead was not detected in all the rice samples. Hyptis suaveolens was more potent in controlling Sitophilus oryzae and Oryzaephilus surinamensis than Ageratum conyzoides and Petiveria alliacea. The value of haematological parameters was low in albino rats treated with the control (normal saline) compared with those treated with different concentrations of the extract of Hyptis suaveolens. Biochemical indices of the Liver, kidney, and serum showed normal function. The value of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALA), Creatinine urea, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALT), and Total Protein decreased compared to the control. The histopathology of the Liver across the groups showed moderate dilation of sinusoids and normal hepatocytes and intracellular infiltration in group one (400mh/kg bwt), mild architectural damage with slight sinusoids dilation, ballooning of some hepatocytes, necrosis and karyolysis in group two (600mg/kg bwt), while those in group three (1200mg/kg bwt) generally showed normal structure which is similar to the control. Also, compared to the control group, kidneys in group one (400mg/kg bwt) showed mild tubular injury with congestions, and animals in group two (600mg/kg bwt), showed a reduced number of bowman capsules and more tubular inflammations. In contrast, those in group three (1200mg/kg bwt) showed severe tubular inflammations with little or no obvious functional nephrons. This study demonstrates the potential safety of a methanolic extract of Hyptis suaveolens to the Liver and kidney at low concentrations but may have a greater capacity for hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity at higher concentrations. Hyptis suaveolens is not only potent medicinally but also as a potent insecticide against stored product insect pests. H. suaveolens treated stored products are safe at a lower concentration since no severe damage was recorded on the vital organs. M.TECH THESIS

DYNAMICS OF THE GOITROGEN-IODINE BALANCE IN THE THYROID STATUS OF CATFISH (Clarias guriepinusy FROM FRESH AND-BRACKlSH WATER BODIES IN ONDO STATE

2023-07-31T09:11:09Z

DYNAMICS OF THE GOITROGEN-IODINE BALANCE IN THE THYROID STATUS OF CATFISH (Clarias guriepinusy FROM FRESH AND-BRACKlSH WATER BODIES IN ONDO STATE SALAWU, SULE OLA The study was designed to investigate the dynamics of the goitrogen-iodine balance in Igbokoda brackish and Ogbese fresh water bodies in Ondo State, Nigeria The parameters determined include proximate composition, iodine, thiocyanate, i chlorides, calcium, zinc, iron, nitrates, magnesium, phosphorus and total coliform count in water/sediment and/or fish (flesh and serum). The fish were subjected to a number of treatments (boiling with water or sodium chloride solution, frying or roasting) prior III analysis. The highest protein concentrations (%) (Ogbese, 73.25; Igbokoda, 7252) of fish samples were recorded by boiling with water while the ones roasted recorded the least '" values of 57.51 % and 58.33 %, respectively. The iodine level (/-lg III OOg) in the flesh of fish varied with size, treatment and location; increased with size, reduced by some . treatments (boiling with either water or NaCI solution) while frying and roasting did not affect the concentration. The least values were 93.45 (Ogbese fish boiled with NaCI solution) and 1·6094 (Igbokoda fish boiled with either water or NaCi solution). On the whole, Igbokoda (160.94-314.08) had 'higher values than Ogbese (93.45-205.0h) Serum iodine (ug I1100mL) was equally higher in Igbokoda (5.00-9.00) compared to Ogbese (2.80-5.00). Only the large sized fish of Ogbese recorded a value of 500 umol/L for thiocyanate while this parameter was not detected in other samples. The levels (mgIL) of minerals in the fish serum from Ogbese were 1002.3] -3979.00 (Na), 87.36-347.10 (K), 687.64-271350 (CI), 400-1500 (Mg) and 25.00-98.00 (Ca) while those of Igbokoda were 1064.90-4232.00 (Na), 104.13-412.23 (K), 930.10-3692.00 (CI), 5.00-18.00 Mg) and '28.00-113.00 (Ca) In both locations, the various treatments reduced the levels of minerals in the edible portion of fish except roasting, which either maintained or elevated the levels. The calculated I1goitrogen ratios (Ilea, lIN03, lie I and liSeN) were higher for Igbokoda water compared to Ogbese water with the exception of IIMg. This was equally reinforced by the total count of coliforms (goitrogenic), which was higher in Ogbese (3.0xl 03) than Igbokoda (2.7xl03). Though fish remains a primary source of iodine, the results of this study indicate that the Igbokoda water body would serve this purpose better than the Ogbese I) i' ... water body, particularly considering the iodine-goitrogen balance. This, by extension, would affect negatively the thyroid status of' the human population dependent on the Ogbese water body. M.TECH THESIS

EFFECT OF AVOCADO PI~AR (Persea americaua) ON SOME MARKER ENZYM., ES AND METABOLlTI~S Il'I'THE LIVER AND PLASMA OF ALBINO RATS

2023-07-31T09:06:28Z

EFFECT OF AVOCADO PI~AR (Persea americaua) ON SOME MARKER ENZYM., ES AND METABOLlTI~S Il'I'THE LIVER AND PLASMA OF ALBINO RATS OYEYEMI, AJIBADE OLUWAGBENGA The effects of various aqueous extracts of the leaves and seeds of Persea americana, a widely used medicinal plant, on the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of some rat tissues were studied. Also the effects on some metabolites such as cholesterol, total protein and albumin were equally investigated. The result revealed a significant decrease (P

EFFECT OF COAGULANTS ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF RATS TO TOFU (CUDDLED SOYMILK)

2023-07-31T09:01:45Z

EFFECT OF COAGULANTS ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF RATS TO TOFU (CUDDLED SOYMILK) OMOTOSHO, OMOLOLA ELIZABETH The effects of various types of locally used coagulants (calci um chloride, alum and steep water effluent from pap produced from maize) on the proximate. mineral. energy composition. digestibility (in vitro and in vivo) and biochemical response (serum enzymes and lipids) of rats fed tofu (a coagulated product of soyrnilk) for 14 days was assessed. The results of the study revealed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the tofu yield by each of the coagulants (17.5 - 18.3%): however. alum coagulation gave the highest yield. while calcium chloride gave the lowest yield. The protein (17.6%), fat (6.2%). Mn (0.3). Mg (34.2). energy (6.6 cal/g) and in vitro multienzyme protein digestibility (75.8 - 77.6%) of steep water coagulated tofu was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of other coagulants while tofu produced with alum had a significantly higher (P<0.05) Fe (1.6). Ca (23.5). and K (33.9) than that produced by other coagulants. The loll! produced by calcium chloride had the highest Zn (0.6) content but the lowest energy content (5.3 cal/g) and in vitro multienzyme protein digestibility (61.6 - 63.5%). Feeding albino rats with tofu ad libitum for 14days caused a decrease in the serum alkaline transaminase (ALT) aspartate transaminase (AST). alkaline phosphatase (ALP). cholesterol and lowdensity lipoproteins when compared with the control. while there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the average daily feed intake and average weight gain of the rats fed tofu. Conversely. there was a significant increase (P