http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/152 2026-05-20T06:28:22Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5864 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF INCOME LEVELS OF CIVIL SERVANTS ON THEIR NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN ONDO STATE NIGERIA. ULEANYA, ADAKU Nigeria is a country with rich natural and material resources. However the ability to harness these resources effectively and efficiently in a way that the food needs of its citizens are met has always and is still a major issue to the nation. Income change's, by way of salary and wage increases, has been a means through which government seeks to improve the standard of living of its citizens. This study therefore aims at examining; the socio economic characteristics of households in Ondo State, the influence of certain socio economic characteristics on the daily protein and calorie intake and the poverty profile among identified households. Structured questionnaire are used to source primary dates from' 250 sampled households. However only 177 of the sampled housed were used in the analysis (Akure south 80 households, Akure North 32 households, and 65 households for Ifedore L.G.A.) Data collected were analysed using descriptive Statistics (Frequency and percentage Table and means), Food and Energy Intake (FEI) method, poverty head count ratio regression. The (FEI) method was used to establish a food poverty line among the respondents. The poverty head count ratio was used to ascertain the proportion of the population whose food expenditure is below the food expenditure poverty line. The monthly intake of Calorie and Protein functions were estimated using the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS). The average households were made up of 5 person in all the L.G.As (Akure south, Akure north and Ifedore L.G.A). 68.4% of house hold were male headed (55% in Akure south, 84.4% in Akure south and 76.9% in Ifedore L.G.A.). More than 67% of house holds hired in 'flats and about 75% are in rented apartments. The mean monthly rent was Wl,756 (N2, 935 in Akure south, NI, 983 in Akure north, and Nl,665 in Ifedore L.G.As). Major source of drinking water was 'well water, about 470/0of all house holds. While kerosene was the major source fuel used in cooking (77% of the population used kerosene ).National Electric power Authority was the major source of power supply, supplying about 90% of house holds. A means monthly income of N14,726, Nll,987, and W12820 for Akure south, Akure north and lfedore L.G.As, respectively, and an overall means monthly income of~13,178= was revealed by the study. Average monthly expenditure stood at N19,293 (W20,904, Akure south N19,4~5 Akure north and W17,550 Ifedore L.G.As). Average monthly expenditure on food as revealed by the study was W7,53I (36%) in Akure south, W6,503 (33.5%) in Akure north and W7,328 (42%) in Ifedore L.G.As. Poverty line as measured by the (FEI) method was Wl,826=33 (Nl,919.20k for Akure south, Wl,726=41 for Akure north, Wl,832.52 for Ifedore L.G.As). Consumption poverty as measured by the head count index is 0.56,0.48, and 0.52 represent 56%, 48%, and 52% for Akure south, Akure North and Tfedore L.G.As respectively. Consumption function estimated for monthly caloric intake and monthly protein intake for house holds, showed that house hold size, Educational level of individual household members, number of children in house holds, influenced the calorie and protein intake of the households. 71p.:ill;30cm 2006-07-01T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5863 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GUM ARABIC PRODUCTION IN YOSE STATE, NIGERIA WURANTI, VALLA This study seeks to provide information on the economics of Gum Arabic Production in Yobe State. A sample of one hundred and twenty (120) gum Arabic farmers from seven (7) Local Government Areas (LGAs) where gum Arabic is grown in Yobe State was made. Primary data were collected using questionnaire to elicit needed information on production, revenue, resource use efficiency and constraints as well as solutions to the identified problems. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, budgetry technique and the production function analysis. The results showed that majority (73.33%) of the farmers were male and fall within the age bracket of 41 to 60 years. The farmers were operating on small-scale levels cultivating one to three hectares of land on the average. Family and hired labour were found to constitute themajor source of farm labour with household size of between six and ten.A yield of 200kg/ha was recorded on the average by the farmers in the study area. Gross margin analysis indicated that, Net Farm Income per farmer. per hectare was N19,430:00, implying that Gum Arabic production by small-scale farmers in Yobe State is profitable. The empirical results of the production function analysis also revealed that the production variables (farm size in ha, experience in years, transportation cost, in Naira) were statistically significant at 5% level and were positively related to farmers output. The efficiency of resource used by farmers indicated that family labour was over-utilized in the production process and farm size was under-utilized. Again, farmers were observed to be operating in the stage II of the production process with a Returns to Scale of 0.29. The findings identified problems faced by the farmers which include, long gestation period of the Gum tree, inadequate production inputs, lack of processing facilities, illegal tree cutting, and bush burnings and poor transportation network. 64p.:ill;30cm 2006-06-03T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5862 EFFECT OF INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT ON INCOME OF SMALL-SCALE RUBBER FARMERS IN EDO STATE, NIGERIA YUSTUS, SUNDAY FRANCIS The study investigated the effect of institutional credit on income of small-scale rubber farmers in Edo State, Nigeria. Agricultural credit programmes designed and implemented in the country are at variance with the objectives. Most of the small-scale rubber farmers who dominate the industry in terms of numbers and total land area under rubber are not benefiting from these programmes. The public credit agencies design tend to discriminate against rubber farmers because funds are always inadequate and the cost of administration of dealing with numerous small-scale rubber farmers scattered all over the state is very high. One hundred and eighty (180) respondents were interviewed, including ninety (90) borrowers and ninety (90) non-borrowers. Six local government areas that are dominantly noted for rubber farmers in the three (3) senatorial districts out of the eighteen (18) Local Government Area in the state were purposely selected for this study. Data collected were analysed, using frequencies, percentages and means to explain the age, marital status, educational attainment, household size, farming experience, occupation, leadership role, method of land ownership, farm size, farm income per annum, period of credit collection, problems encountered in credit collection, previous experience in credit collection. Regression analysis using linear, semi log and double-log functional forms were used to examine the effect of the credit on income of the rubber farmers. The study thus revealed that 63% of the borrowers were within the age bracket. of 35- 60 years which could be considered as the active age bracket. The study also showed that 93% of the respondents were found to be literates while the remaining 7% were non-literate. The t-test statistic used between the means of the amount requested and the amount disbursed showed that there is a significant difference that is t = 10.164 at 5% level of significance between amount requested and amount disbursed can have a meaningful effect on farmers income if used effectively. It was observed that the lending institutions were slow in releasing the loan to the respondents, only 46.7% collected their loan at pre-planting period. About 72% of the respondent said that shortage of fund and delay in payment of approved loans were the limiting factors in their production. Among the borrowers, 71% complained that untimely credit disbursement and the poor market situation at harvest period resulted in farmers late repayment. The regression analysis regressed between income (dependent variable) and age, educational attainment, farm size, volume of credit and leadership role (independent variables) in case of borrowers indicated that farm size, volume of credit and leadership role were positively significant at 5% level of significance, while with non borrowers, only farm size was found to be positively significant. 61p.:ill;30cm 2006-05-02T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5843 EFFECT OF CREDIT ON FOOD CROP PRODUCTION AM0NG SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN ONDO STATE OLOKUNTOYE, Rotimi Adelanke Nigeria's food problem has worsened over time judging from the staggering food import bill that has continued unbated. The smallholder agriculture is considered strategic in order to alleviate this intractable problem of food insecurity. This would however. require measures such as supplies of credit to ameliorate their marginal economic conditions and thereby increasing their productivity. Hence variations of credit programme have been used as policy action directed towards improving the productivity of the small-scale farmers. In spite of this. there exists a considerable lack of consensus regarding their effectiveness. This may be probably clue to the magnitude of credit requirements. This study therefore investigated the effect of credit on the level of food production of small-scale farmers in Ondo State. Specifically it assessed the effect of credit size on farm output. examined the socio economic characteristics of farmers using credit. measured farmers perception to credit use and highlighted the constraints to credit use. Primary data were collected from 200 small scale farmers through the use of standardized interview schedules, The respondents were selected using multi-stage random sampling method. In the first stage, five Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected from existing Eighteen LGA's of Ondo State by random sampling. Two communities were further selected from each of the selected LGAs from the list obtained at the various Local Government offices. Out of the list of fanners obtained, twenty farmers utilizing credit were selected from each of the selected communities making a total of two hundred respondents. The data obtained \\as subjected to descriptive analytical techniques such as frequency and means on the socio- economic characteristics of the farmers. The relationship of credit size to farmers' socio- economic characteristic was tested with Pearson Product Moment Correlation. While Multiple Regression Analysis was the predictive tool employed to estimate the effect of variables that influenced credit size used by fanners and the determinants of farm output. A 22 variable item on 5 point Likert Scale was adopted to measure farmers perception of credit. Findings reveal that fanners were mostly middle aged (x = 49.46 years); had large households (x = I 1.36): possessed fairly low-levels of formal education and had small farm sizes (x = 0.86 ha). The credit profile showed that the mean credit size of W13295.50 received by the respondents was lower than their mean expenditure of WI7,704.50 meaning that the loan was only 75.1 % sufficient. In addition, the farmers recorded a mean farm output of #67,340.50. Correlation analysis revealed that farmers age (r = 0.27), education (r = 0.38) and total family size (r = 0.32) were found significant and positively related to credit size, while credit experience was not. Regression analysis gave an F value of 68.638 with an R2 of 0.715, which indicated that selected independent variables accounted for 71.5% of observed changes in credit size. Variables that made significant contributions to changes in credit size included farm experience. Extension agents' visit, adoption of innovations, farm size and farm output. With farm output as dependent variable, regression analysis gave an F value or 30.061 with all R2 of 0.437. This indicated that selected, variables accounted for 43.7% of the observed variations in farm output. Independent variables that made significant contributions to these include farm labour, operating expenses. credit size and Extention Agents' Visit. Perception of credit by the farmers had a mean score of 86.5 varying from 47.0 to 100.0. This was against the expected minimum perception score 01'22 with a maximum of 110. Correlation between perception and credit was r = 0.394 which was significant at 0.0 I level. Based on the findings. it was inferred that the credit provided appeared insufficient to cover fanners capital needs. Provision of credit however. enhanced farmers level of production. Farmers socio-economic characteristics such as age. education. farm experience, farm size and total family size positively influenced small-scale farmers ability to manage credit obtained by them. Also, farm characteristics such as adoption of innovations and Extension Agents' Visit improved the productive use of credit by the farmers. Finally, the positive correlation of farmers' perception with credit use suggests that credit fulfills important functions in farmers resources use. 64p.:ill;30cm 2002-03-01T00:00:00Z