http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/188 2026-04-27T05:29:19Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5468 GIS-BASED MONITORING OF OIL SPILL POLLUTION IN IBENO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA UDONDON, AKANIMO UDOM Environmental pollution has been a worldwide challenge and this is more prevalent in the developing countries. Oil spill pollution is one of the major environmental challenges in Niger Delta, Nigeria which has led to loss of many resources. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate oil spill pollution in Ibeno Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System technologies were the methods employed in this study. Geospatial and statistic analysis were adopted in analyzing the oil spill data and the findings were presented on maps and tables while simple percentage statistic was used to analyze the data obtained from the respondents. The finding in figure 4.1 revealed that from Sentinel-1 radar satellite data of 19th December, 2016 and 6th July, 2016 there was oil spill of about 3km at the offshore with a spatial extent of about 241km2 in the study area. While on the 6th of July 2017, oil spillage observed from satellite imagery was 20km from the shore of Ibeno and this covered an estimated area of about 392 km2. Oil spillage that occurred on the 8th of March, 2017 was estimated to cover 88 km2 at about 19km from the shoreline and as opined by NORSDRA it was caused by equipment failure at the Idoho PP/OML-68 platform on the 6th of March, 2017. Findings showed that there were drastic changes in the land use land cover change in the study area. From 2003-2018, the most significant changes was recorded in the Mangrove, which shows a decrease from 14,624.37 hectares in 2003 to 12,760.02, showing a decrease by 1864.35 hectares, representing 12% decrease and significant increase in the built up areas. In 2003, a total of 4444.11 hectares of built up area was recorded, while in 2018, it was 6401.97 hectares showing an increase by 1957.86 hectares, representing 30% changes. Total of 37,222bbl volume of oil was spilled between 2005- 2019 (NOSDRA, 2019). Out of this volume, 2014 recorded the highest volume of 30,281 barrels, followed by 2009, with 3,432 barrels, with 2007 having 1464 barrels of oil. The three major causes of oil spill in the study area were equipment failure, with 643 incidences, followed by other causes, with 267 as well as corrosion causes which have 132 incidences. These spills caused loss of lives, destruction of farmlands, fishing industry, tourism facilities and cultural areas. The finding reveals that the causes of spill include breaking down of company equipment, deliberate acts by terrorists, vandals, mistake and carelessness by company as well as poorly maintained or damaged oil or natural gas pipeline spewing its contents onto its surroundings. 82.2% of respondent strongly agree that proper awareness about oil spillage is used to cope with oil spill incidence in this area while 97% of the respondents agreed that the use of protective clothing helps in coping with oil spill incidence in the study area. This study is beneficial to the people of Ibeno, the government, researchers among others M.Tech. 2021-11-01T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5467 GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION IMPACT ON LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN CALABAR AND ITS ENVIRONS, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA IDU, STEPHEN OKO Urbanization is one of the most significant phenomena of the anthropogenic influence on the Earth’s environment. Urbanization has driven massive land use and land cover changes, and generated urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon around the world. One of the principal results of urbanization is its impact on the local climate and high impact on the surrounding area. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of urbanization on land surface temperature in Calabar and its environs over a period of 30 years. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. The primary data include: GPS points of areas with high human activities, Questionnaire to assess the impact of temperature rise on the locals. The secondary data include: Landsat TM /ETM+, OLI, EMCWF and STRM data. Landsat satellite data were used to extract land use/land cover information and their changes for 30 years. Land surface temperature was retrieved from Landsat thermal images. The relationship between land surface temperature and land use/land cover classes, as well as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built up index (NDBI) was analyzed. Using correlation and linear regression this interrelationship was then quantified. The mean temperature of the area was 17.27°C in 1989 which became 18.91°C in 1999, then 22.30°C in 2009 and 24.59 °C in 2019. The relationship between NDBI and LST initiate strong positive correlation with a R value of 0.818 in 1989, 0.902 in 1999, 0.913 in 2009 and 0.928 in 2019; while the relationship between NDVI and LST is positively related and the R value derived as 0.847, 0.848, 0.747 and 0.796 in years 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019 respectively. The results also show that Calabar has the highest LST value when compared to its neighboring rural area (Akpabuyo) LST. One of the implications of this heat is that increase in temperature makes the locals uncomfortable and expose them to heat- related symptoms and illnesses. The result of this research will be helpful for urban planners and environmental scientists. The study recommended regular monitoring of urban sprawl and development by the state Government in the study area especially with the aid of geospatial techniques for better decision making and further research into the subject matter. M.Tech. 2021-11-01T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5466 ASSESSMENT OF MONETARY VALUE DYNAMICS OF FOREST CARBON STOCK IN IKORODU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS STATE ENAMU, ANTHONY PERE This research assesses the monetary value of forest carbon stock in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State from 2002 to 2019 in order to evaluate the existing problem of deforestation and forest degradation and how much is actually being lost as result to spending on alternatives to reduce their effects which in most case is global warming. Land use land cover classification was carried out in order to determine the spatial pattern of land-use land cover change. This was accomplished with the application of Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification technique which was applied on Landsat 7 TM and Landsat 8 OLI. The results showed a rapid increase in built up areas which related to loss of vegetation. Forest carbon stock was quantified using field measurements and satellite data. Field measurements were carried out to measure forest biomass which was then converted to carbon stock and spectral response model was applied to satellite data in order to quantify forest carbon across the study area, the results showed a reduction in the quantity of forest biomass which was related also to loss of vegetation in the study area as time went by and vegetated areas were lost due to increase in residential developments and other forms of urban infrastructure. Natural Capital Integrated Valuation for Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs was applied to the results from the first and second objectives in order to determine the monetary value for forest carbon as well as the monetary value of carbon sequestered or lost as a result of deforestation and degradation. The results show that the study area has a total of 3,082,941,424 billion Mega grams of Carbon in 2002 that value reduced to 3,060,335,402 billion Mega grams of Carbon in 2013 and in 2019 it reduced even further to 3,039,370,820 billion Mega grams of Carbon. The net present value of forest carbon stock between 2002 and 2013 was 2,134,951,960 billion US dollars and by 2019 the value had increased to 2,311,699,160 billion US dollars. The increase in financial value of forest carbon stock could be attributed to the forces at play in the carbon market and Reduced Emissions for Deforestation and Degradation. Ikorodu Local Government Area has lost a total of 1,894,403,234 Mega grams of Carbon in 17 years. This loss could be attributed to population explosion which saw a rise in demand for housing and living space. The study provides insight to technology that can be applied to valuing carbon stock as a means of increasing the internally generated revenue of the nation and the state M.Tech. 2020-02-01T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5465 ASSESSING THE COPING STRATEGIES OF RURAL PASTORALISTS TO DROUGHT IN SOKOTO STATE, NORTHWEST NIGERIA BELLO, BELLO, ISAH In recent decades, drought has been identified as part of the several regular climate-related hazards happening in many African countries including West Africa, often with devastating implications on food security. Studies have shown that the land surface temperature has increased over the recent years with 71oC in 1984 and 77oC in 2002 and 97 in 2019 respectively as shown in the LST Map, which can trigger drought occurrences and other climate-related hazards. Drought occurrence is principally a climate-related event that cannot be totally effaced though it can be managed. This study is aimed at appraising drought severity in the study area, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and remotely sensed data obtained from United States Geological Survey (USGS) as well as Precipitation data between the years 1984, 2002 and 2019. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents to capture their views on drought and its impact on pastoralists The study revealed that the study area witnessed drastic changes of vegetation. The higher vegetation record from NDVI map in the year 1984 with 1.0 and the least of vegetation was record in the year 2019 with 0.8799 in the order hand the highest amount of rainfall was record in 2019 and least amount was record in 1984 according to SPI analysis Hence, there is a continues fluctuations in the climate condition from the observed period of the study. Result from the questionnaire administered showed that 97% of the pastoralists are aware of the menace of drought in their area. They also agree that there is climate change as their environment is becoming hotter and drier. Thought 48% of the pastoralists have developed various strategies to fight drought M.Tech. 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z