http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/230 2026-04-27T05:27:51Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5542 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN, PLASMID CURING AND EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCTION BY BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM HOSPITAL LABORATORY WASTEWATER USMAN, KOLAWOLE MUFTAU Antibiotic resistance pattern, plasmid curing and extended spectrum beta-lactamase production in bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater collected from three Local Government Areas (Offa, Oyun and Ifelodun) of Kwara State, Nigeria, were carried out in this study. The hospital laboratory wastewater samples were collected during wet season and the dry season periods. The bacteria isolated from the samples were identified using conventional and molecular methods. Theses microbes were then subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test on Muller-Hinton agar using disk diffusion methods. The plasmids of the resistant bacteria were cured using 0.1mg/ml acridine orange. The production of extended beta-lactamase of bacteria was investigated using starch paper strip and double disc synergy test respectively. Also the types of beta-lactamase in the genome of isolates were detected using conventional and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The findings from this study confirmed that hospital wastewaters had higher bacterial loads during dry season than in wet season. The bacterial isolates from hospital wastewater samples included Alcaligenes faecalis, A. aquatilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Providencia rettgeri and Streptomyces nodosus. The study also confirmed A. faecalis as the most predominant and prevailing bacteria inhabiting hospital wastewater. The findings from invitro antibiotic susceptibility pattern on both the wet and dry seasons isolates of the three Local Government Areas indicated that ofloxacin (OFL) demonstrated highest antimicrobial potency against the test isolates, with diameter zone of inhibition (mm) (resistant ≤12, intermediate 13-15 and susceptible ≥ 16), while cefixime (CXM) has the least potency with diameter zone of inhibition diameters (mm) (resistant ≤15, intermediate 16-18 and susceptible ≥ 19), among the selected antibiotics. The study of in vitro antibiotic suceptibiity pattern of bacteria isolated from hospital wastewaters collected from Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, after curing of plasmid revealed that the resistance of Alcaligenes faecalis JF3 and A. aquatilis YFMCD4 to ceftazidine (CAZ) were plasmid mediated, while the resistance of Staphylococcus saprophyticus FELA049, A. faecalis M453B1 and A. faecalis ISJI28 to ceftazidine (CAZ) were chromosomal mediated. More so, the investigations on tests for production of beta lactamases among the hospital wastewaters’ bacteria in the three Local Government Areas revealed that A. faecalis M453B, S. nodosus N562010, A. faecalis HSC25S18 and A. faecalis SY1 were positive for beta-lactamase production while, A. aquatilis YFMCD4 and S. saprophyticus FELA049 were negative for betalactamase production. Finally, the detection of beta-lactamases possessed by the resistant isolates confirmed that the most frequently encountered mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactams found in this study were the productions of TEM and CTX-M beta-lactamases. This study also confirmed that isolates; Streptomyces sp. N562010, A. faecalis M453BI and A. faecalis KWW84 possessed genes for enzymes TEM and CTX-M at the same time. Thus, hospital wastewater must be avoided from getting into municipal water supply to prevent infections associated with A. faecalis, A. aquatilis, P. rettgeri and S. nodosus. The populace should be educated on the risk of self-medication and misuse of antibiotics in order to prevent the prevalence and emergence of resistant strains thereby reducing the spread of plasmid-mediated ESBL resistance in hospitals. Ph.D 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5540 EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENT ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM DIOSCOREA ROTUNDATA PIOR AND MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ PEELS USING ZYMOMONAS MOBILIS OLOWE, JANET OLAWUMI This study was designed to evaluate the production of bioethanol from Dioscorea rotundata and Manihot esculenta peels using acid and alkaline pretreatments and fermenting with monoculture of Zymomonas mobilis. Dioscorea rotundata peels was collected from garri processing industry located at Shagari Village and Manihot esculenta peels was collected from local vendors at South Gate, Akure, Ondo State Nigeria and transported to the Microbiology Laboratory of Federal University of Technology, Akure for microbial analyses. Zymomonas mobilis was isolated, characterized and identified from rotten sweet oranges using standard biochemical methods. Isolation and characterization of microorganisms isolated from the peels were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Sulphuric acid and Sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1 M each were used separately to pretreat the samples. Fermentation process was allowed for 5 days. The fermented broth was distillated at 78ºC and the quantity of bioethanol produced was measured. The total bacterial count was higher in Manihot esculenta with 3.58 x 103 cfu/ml and total fungal count higher in Dioscorea rotundata with 3.01 x 103 sfu/ml. The carbohydrate content of dry and wet Dioscorea rotundata was higher with values of 79.81 % and 79.78 % respectively, mineral composition of magnesium was higher in Manihot esculenta with 15.64 mg and potassium was higher in Dioscorea rotundata with 53.00 mg. pH of 7.37 was higher in neutralized wet Manihot esculenta in day 3, neutralized pretreated wet Manihot esculenta produced higher reducing sugar of 8.99±0.01 g/l. Changes in temperature was at 36ºC at the initial stage of fermenting wet and dry peels of Dioscorea rotundata and Manihot esculenta, but later remained constant at 28 ºC till 120 hour of fermentation. Cassava peels pretreated with 0.1 M of NaOH and neutralized (H2SO4 neutralized with NaOH) produced higher yields of bioethanol with (17.20 g/ml and 18.53 g/ml) respectively. This study reveals the possibility of producing bioethanol from the fermentation of Dioscorea rotundata and Manihot esculenta peels with the aid of Zymomonas mobilis which serves as cheap alternative source of fuel and energy generation as well as a means of controlling environmental pollution. M.Tech. 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5536 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF JATROPHA TANJORENSIS ELLIS AND SAROJA LEAF EXTRACT ON BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SOME WOUND INFECTIONS OKE, EBENEZER AYODELE Limitations have been concurrent with the usage of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of wound infections which calls for the adoption of ethno-botanical remedy. The activity of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract on bacterial isolates from wound infections was investigated in this study. The collection of swabs of different wound infections include diabetes mellitus foot ulcer, burn wound, post skin graft, avulsion wound, chronic leg ulcer, chronic arterial leg ulcer, sickle cell leg ulcer, crushed hand injury wounds and crushed leg injury was conducted using Levine methods of wound collection. The isolation and identification of bacteria from wound swabs was conducted via direct plate method. The percentage recovery of crude extracts and phytochemical analysis of Jatropha tanjorensis crude extracts was carried out using standard method. The antibacterial assay of Jatropha tanjorensis crude extracts on wound bacteria and antibiotic sensitivity pattern were done using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. The multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) index determination of bacterial isolates was estimated using standard model. Structural elucidation of the bioactive components of the plant was done using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS) techniques. Among bacterial isolated from wounds were Coagulase-positive and negative Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. S. aureus coagulase +ve had the highest percentage occurrence (68.4%) in burn wound samples while P. mirabilis and K. pneumonia had the least percentage occurrence (4%) in diabetes mellitus foot ulcer wound samples. 82.01%, 79.5%, 56.36% and 53.04% were recovered from methanol, ethanol, hot water and cold water of J. tanjorensis crude extract respectively on soxhlet extraction. Methanol and ethanol extracts revealed the presence of methyl ester as eicosane and 6-Octadecanoic acid respectively. Saponin was observed to be the highest concentration of phytochemical in methanol extract (58 mg/g), while flavonoid had the least (1 mg/g) in cold water extract. Methanol extract had the highest zone of inhibition of 33 mm, while the least (5 mm) was observed on cold water extract on S. aureus coagulase positive and P. aeruginosa respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the different wound infections had the highest MIC of 100 mg/ml whereas coagulase +ve Staphylococcus aureus had the least at 12.5 mg/ml in relation to the methanol extract of J. tanjorensis. S. aureus coagulase +ve, S.aureus coagulase –ve and Streptococcus pyogenes were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin at 31.00±1.00mm, 29.00±1.00 mm and 31.16±0.76 mm respectively whereas amoxicillin was overly resistant to all the bacterial isolates. P. aeroginosa and P. mirabilis were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin at 31.0±1.00 mm and 31.5±0.50 mm respectively among the Gram negative bacterial isolates and were all resistant to amoxicillin, gentamycin and augmentin. The MAR index of Gram-positive bacterial isolates from wound swabs ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 while those of Gram negative bacterial ranged from 0.6 to 0.9. This study revealed methanol extract had the highest inhibitory activity compared to aqueous and ethanol extracts as well as other antimicrobial agents (antibiotics) utilized on wound bacterial flora. The structural elucidation of bioactive chemical compounds observed certifies J. tanjorensisas potential ethno-botanical remedy for the management of wound infections. This suggests the use of J. tanjorensis as a proven herbal concoction for the management of wound bacteria flora before wound deterioration. M.Tech. 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z http://196.220.128.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5534 OCCURRENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF COLIFORMS ISOLATED FROM WELL WATER SOURCES IN ILARAMOKIN, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA ALAJO, OLANIKE FUNMILAYO The objectives of this research was to isolate and identify the coliforms and other enteric bacteria species from selected well water sources, determine the physicochemical properties of the well water, screen for the presence of heavy metals and determine the antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of the isolates from each well water source. Twelve selected wells were used for this study, the water samples were collected in triplicate from each well. During the dry season, January and February, 2020 and during the rainy season in May, 2020. The Most Probable Number method was used. High value of bacterial counts were recorded in this study and it ranged from 7 to 250 cfu/100ml. The bacterial isolates were, Esherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariae and Klebsiella pnuemoniae. Esherichia coli was isolated from all samples collected, while Salmonella typhi was isolated from 70% of the samples. The isolates were tested on ten different antibiotics which were Sparfloxacin (10ug), Ciprofloxacin (30ug), Amoxicillin (30ug), Augmentin (10ug), Gentamicin (30ug), Pefloxacin (30ug), Ofloxacin (10ug), Streptomycin (30ug), Septrin (30ug) and Chloramphenicol (30ug). Resistant isolates were selected according to Clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) standard. The isolates from ward one during the dry season were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, pefloxacin, and ofloxacin. High rate of resistance occurred in E. coli and K. pnuemoniae (66.7%) when tested with augmentin, Salmonella typhi (50%) when tested with amoxicillin, Shigella dysentariae (45%) when tested with streptomycin in dry season. Higher rate of resistance was recorded during the rainy season than the dry season. The value obtained for hardness, conductance and total dissolved solids were 122.9mg/L, 48.0mS, 5.8mg/L in the dry season, and 123.6mg/L, 48.1mS and 7.2mg/L in the rainy season respectively. In the dry season the mean value obtained for lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Iron and Manganese were 0.294mg/L, 0.039mg/L, 0.166mg/L, 1.78mg/L, 0.202mg/L and 0.241mg/L, 0.028mg/L, 0.227mg/L, 1.922mg/L, 0.053mg/L in the rainy season respectively M.Tech. 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z