Fisheries & Aquaculture Technology

TOXICITY OF TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica) SEED HUSK TO Oreochromis niloticus (LINNAEUS 1758) AND Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL 1822) JUVENILES

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT

TOXICITY OF TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica) SEED HUSK TO Oreochromis niloticus (LINNAEUS 1758) AND Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL 1822) JUVENILES ISIYAKU, MOHAMMED SANI In the present study, juveniles of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus were exposed to tamarind seed husk powder in other to determine the tamarind seed husk’s toxicity to the species at both acute and chronic exposures. Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to acute concentration of 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0mg/l of tamarind seed husk powder and chronic doses of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10mg/l of tamarind seed husk powder while Clarias gariepinus were exposed to acute concentration of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0mg/l of tamarind seed husk powder and chronic doses of 0.05, 0.12, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.42mg/l of tamarind seed husk powder. Both experiments had control that served as reference. Effects of tamarind seed husk powder were measured using behavioral, phytochemical, haematological and histopathological indices. Results of the acute toxicity test showed tamarind seed husk powder was toxic to the species in a dose-dependent manner. The active ingredients and their composition in plant part (Seed husk) as well as 96 hours acute toxicity (LC50) on Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus juveniles were investigated. The values of the tamarind seed husk powder established for Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus were 1.52mg/l and 3.78mg/l respectively. Data obtained from this investigation were subjected to simple percentages and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 0.05% level of significance. The phytochemical screening showed that tamarind seed husk contains saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpernoids, tannins, alkanoids and cardiac glycosides. Most importantly, tamarind seed husk induced hyperactivity at acute level of exposure. Significant (P<0.05) hematological changes observed at both acute and chronic exposure include anaemia, leukocytosis, proteinanaemia and lymphocytosis. Histological changes observed in gills include attenuation and clubbing at the tips of the primary lamellae, mild congestion in the cartilage, gradual degeneration of the primary lamellae, blanketing, rupture with hemorrhages, intense cellular necrosis, blood congestion, oedema, epithelial lifting and hyperplasia of epithelial cell. Changes in liver exposure include mild congestion of the sinusoids, pyknosis of the nuclei, perivascular cuffing around the central vein, aggregation of nuclei, fibrosis, rupture of hepatocytes, disarrangement of hepatic cord, bile pigment disintegration, eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic vacoulation. Changes in the kidney of exposed fish include granular degeneration, hyaline droplets, mild damage of renal tubules, gramerular oedema, cellular hypertrophy, haemorrhages, bacterial colony, fat droplets, vacuum, tuber necrosis and dilation of Bowman;s space. Behavioural responses were excess mucus secretion and apathy, air gulping, loss of balance, barbell deformation, discoloration, fin deformation, erratic swimming behavior and hanging vertically in water column. The study revealed that tamarind seed husk was moderately toxic to Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus juveniles and affects behavior, haematology and histology of some vital organs in fish. Plants products - primarily tamarind seed husk is quickly accumulated by aquatic biota and causes adverse effects. Contamination of aquatic environment by toxic plants whether as a consequence of acute or chronic events constitute additional stress for aquatic organisms. Tamarind seed husk accumulation by organisms has resulted in adverse effects ranging from reduced growth, impaired reproduction and death. PhD THESIS

EVALUATION OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM L. AND EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS ( LABILL.) LEAVES AS GROWTH PROMOTERS OF THE GIANT AFRICAN CATFISH (HETEROBRANCHUS BIDORSALIS (GEOFFROY SAINT – HILAIRE 1809) FINGERLINGS

Wed, 01 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT

EVALUATION OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM L. AND EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS ( LABILL.) LEAVES AS GROWTH PROMOTERS OF THE GIANT AFRICAN CATFISH (HETEROBRANCHUS BIDORSALIS (GEOFFROY SAINT – HILAIRE 1809) FINGERLINGS AFE, OLUWAFUNMILOLA EUNICE This study was aimed at investigating the effect of Ocimum gratissimum and Eucalyptus globulus leaves on growth of the Giant African Catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis) fingerlings through dietary supplementation. The experiment was carried out in two phases. In the first phase (Experiment I), H. bidorsalis fingerlings were fed with dietary supplementation of O. gratissimum leaf powder at varying inclusion levels of 0.00 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.00 g/ 100 g of 40 % crude protein diet for 70 days. The graded levels of O. gratissimum were 0.0g (control), 0.5g, 1.0g, 1.5g and 2.0g per 100g for each diet denoted as CTR, OG1, OG2, OG3 and OG4 respectively in diets 1, 2,3,4 and 5 for H. bidorsalis. In the second phase (Experiment II), H. bidorsalis fingerlings were treated with dietary supplementation of Eucalyptus globulus leaf powder at varying inclusion levels of 0.00 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.00 g/ 100g of 40 % crude protein diet for 70 days. The graded levels of E. globulus are 0.0g (control), 0.5g, 1.0g, 1.5g and 2.0g per 100g for each diet denoted as CTR, EG1, EG2, EG3 and EG4 in diets 1, 2,3,4 and 5 for H. bidorsalis. In both phases fish were stocked at a stocking density of 10 fingerlings per 40 cm x 30 cm x 35 cm plastic tanks with each treatment in triplicate. The mean stocking weight of H. bidorsalis in the two experiments was 12.05 ± 0.1 g and 12.24 ± 0.02 g respectively. The fish were acclimated for seven days before the commencement of the experiment. The fingerlings were fed diets containing 40 % crude protein twice daily between 08:00-09:00 h and 18:00-19:00 h GMT. All groups were fed their respective diets at 5% body weight/day. Each group of fish were batch weighed fortnightly to monitor growth and adjust feeding rates accordingly. At the end of the feeding experiments, fish were weighed to estimate growth performance, nutrients utilization and carcass characteristics. Histological examinations of the small intestine, liver and kidney as well as fish blood analyses were carried out following standard procedures. The proximate composition of experimental diets, O. gratissimum and E. globulus leaves and fish carcass as well as fatty acid composition of fish were determined following standard procedures. All data were subjected to one-way ANOVA using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 22.0. Significant means were separated using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. Results from experiment 1 showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the growth performance and nutrient utilization indices of H. bidorsalis with the best weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded in treatment OG3 (1.5 g /100 g O. gratissimum) while the highest value was recorded in treatment CTR (0.00g/100g O. gratissimum). The 4 th order polynomial regression model showed that a significant and moderately strong relationship existed between the weight gain and O. gratissimum concentration (g/100g) in the fish diets and a differential equation (y = -15.227x 4 + 53.533x 3 - 54.453x 2 + 17.887x + 22.07; R2 = 1) showed that highest weight gain (29.97g) occurred at O. gratissimum level of approximately 1.65 g/100g. Significant differences (p<0.05) occurred in the crude protein and crude lipid contents of the experimental fish which increased with increasing inclusion of O. gratissimum. Improvements occurred in the haematological profile of fish fed varying inclusion levels of O. gratissimum. Significant differences (p<0.05) occured in the total mono-unsaturated fatty-acids (MUFAs), total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the fish fed experimental diets. There were no visible lesions in the enterocytes, mild to no vacuolation of the hepatocytes and no pathological lesions in the kidney parenchyma. Results from experiment 2 showed significant differences (P<0.05) in the growth and nutrient utilization indices of the experimental fish. Fish fed 1.0 g/ 100 g E. globulus powder inclusion level has the highest percentage weight gain and specific growth rate of 173.45±31.79 and 1.41±0.17 respectively. The feed conversion ratio among the treatments were significantly different (p<0.05) from those observed in the control. However, the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded in fish fed 1.0% E. globulus (EG2). The 4 th order polynomial regression model depicted that a significant and moderately strong relationship existed between the weight gain and E. globulus concentration (g/100g) in the fish diets. A differential equation (y = 13.433x 4 - 46.633x 3 + 38.922x 2 + 0.8983x + 14.56R2 = 1) shows that optimum weight gain occurred at E. globulus level of approximately 0.85 g/100g dietary supplementation. Fish fed E. globulus supplemented diet had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher protein content than the control. There were significant improvements in the haematological profile of fish fed varying inclusion levels of E. globulus. Significant differences (p<0.05) occurred in the mono-unsaturated fatty-acids (MUFAs) and poly- unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the experimental. There were no visible lesions in the enterocytes of small intestine, fatty infiltration to karyolysis of nucleus occured in the liver and extensive haemosidirine in kidney parenchyma. Thus, O. gratissimum and E. globulus can be used as growth promoters in the diet of H. bidorsalis with a dose of 1.5 g and 1.0 g per 100 g of 40 % crude protein diet respectively. M.TECH. THESIS

UTILIZATION OF SOME MUCILAGINOUS LEAVES AS BINDERS IN THE DIET OF Oreochromis niloticus FINGERLINGS

Fri, 01 Oct 2021 00:00:00 GMT

UTILIZATION OF SOME MUCILAGINOUS LEAVES AS BINDERS IN THE DIET OF Oreochromis niloticus FINGERLINGS OKE, ISRAEL OPEYEMI This study evaluated the physical properties and dietary characteristics of diets with some mucilaginous leaves as binders in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. The three mucilaginous leaves were Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), Corchorus olitorius (Jute Plant) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hibiscus) while corn starch was the reference binder. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the mucilaginous leaves at different soaked for 0, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours were carried out. The viscosity of the mucilaginous leaves and that of the corn starch were carried out at these soaking durations, two temperature regimes (28 0 C and 100 0 C) and three concentrations (2, 5 and 7% w/v). The soaking durations with the highest viscosity: 0, 12 and 24 hours, were used for the preparation of three sets of diets. Twelve iso-nitrogenous diets having 35% crude protein content were formulated for each of the three experimental set-ups. Maize and wheat were added as energy sources. The diets were designated as MAI (Maize only), WHE (Wheat only), MAW (Maize and Wheat), MAC (Maize and Corchorus olitorus), WHC (Wheat and Corchorus olitorus), MWC (Maize, Wheat and Corchorus olitorus), MAH (Maize and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), WHH (Wheat and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), MWH (Maize, Wheat and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), MAA (Maize and Abelmoschus esculentus), WHA (Wheat and Abelmoschus esculentus), and MWA (Maize, Wheat and Abelmoschus esculentus). Physical properties of the diets for each experimental set-up were assessed. The effects on growth during the feeding trials and the carcass composition of Oreochromis niloticus fingerling after the feeding trials were assessed for each set-up. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the phytochemical contents: tannin, saponins, steroid, terpenoids, flavonoid and cardiac glycosides of the mucilaginous leaves for both the different soaking durations and among leaves at the same soaking duration. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the viscosity of the mucilaginous leaves at* 2% w/v, 5% w/v, and 7% w/v at both 100 0 C and 28 0 C. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the sinking rate, thickness swelling, water absorption index, water stability, hardness and friability of the diets in the three experimental set-ups. Diet MWH had the lowest sinking rate and crushing load, highest thickness swelling in the three experimental set-ups. Nutrient retention of diets in the three experimental set- ups were 90.70 to 95.83% for crude protein, 85.27 to 95.17% for lipid and 76.09 to 89.61% for ash. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the mean final weight (MFW), mean weight gain (MWG), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the diets. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the crude protein, fat and ash content in the carcass composition of experimental fish. Survival rate for the feeding trials range between 68.89% and 100%. Results obtained established the ability of mucilaginous leaves as efficient binders for quality on-farm fish feed pellets when compared with corn starch. Any of the soaking durations for the mucilaginous leaves can be used in the preparation of quality on-farm feeds. M. TECH. Thesis

GROWTH AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) FED DIETARY IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES OF ALOE VERA EXTRACT AND CHALLENGED WITH Aeromonas hydrophila

Wed, 01 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT

GROWTH AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) FED DIETARY IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES OF ALOE VERA EXTRACT AND CHALLENGED WITH Aeromonas hydrophila IKUESAN, BENSON BAMIJOKO Minerals and nutrients synthesized at nano size from extracts of plants with medicinal properties have been shown to have beneficial impact on growth, immune-stimulation and overall health of fish and with limited environmental impact due to their biodegradability. Thus, this study evaluated the growth efficacy, haematology and immunity of Clarias gariepinus fed diets fortified with iron-oxide Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) leaf extract (AvFeONps). The green synthesized AvFeONPs were confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy as nano-particles by its wavelength. Different concentrations of the biosynthesized AvFeONPs (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6g/kg feed) were added into the basal diet used for feeding C. gariepinus for 84 days. The results showed significant differences (P< 0.05) in weight gain (WG) of the fish fed AvFeONPs supplemented diets in comparison with the fish fed the control diet (0.0g/kgAvFeONPs). Fish fed 1.6g/kg of AvFeONPs had the highest weight gain of 102.12g while fish fed the control diet had the least mean weight gain of 73.87g. The specific growth rate of 3.25% recorded in the control group was statistically lower than the values from fish fed AvFeONPs supplemented diets 3.33 - 3.74%. Dietary AvFeONPs resulted in significant increases in the GP, catalase, and total serum protein; and significant reduction in ALT, AST, SOD, cholesterol and serum glucose levels. The PCV, RBC and WBC also increased (P<0.05) in the fish fed diets supplemented with AVFeONPs, which consequently led to increased survival in the fish when challenged with a pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. M. TECH. Thesis