Master's/Ph.D Thesis

QUALITY OF NIGERIAN GROUNDNUT CAKE AND ITS REPLACEMENT VALUES FOR SOYABEAN MEAL IN BROILER CHICKEN DIETS

Mon, 01 Nov 2021 00:00:00 GMT

QUALITY OF NIGERIAN GROUNDNUT CAKE AND ITS REPLACEMENT VALUES FOR SOYABEAN MEAL IN BROILER CHICKEN DIETS DUROWAIYE, PAUL FEMI The bias for soyabean meal (SBM) above other plant sources of protein has made it to be in more demand. The scarcity and exorbitant price of SBM necessitate considering other suitable plant protein sources. Groundnut cake (GNC), if properly harnessed, can substitute for SBM in broilers’ diets due to its comparable proximate compositions, local availability and price competitiveness with SBM. However, the incidence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of GNC is a concern. Hence, this study investigated the quality of Nigerian GNC and its replacement values for SBM in broiler chicken diets. The preliminary stage of this study documented the perceptions and awareness of agriculturists in two states of each geopolitical zone of Nigeria through the administration of questionnaires on the AFB1 contamination of Nigerian GNCfrom the selected states with consideration to seasonal variability. The experimental phase involved two different studies (with and without toxin binders). The first study, which assessed the effects of different inclusion levels of GNC (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as replacement of SBM in broiler diets without toxin binders, was further divided into three experiments. ExperimentsI and II involved one hundred and fifty (150) Cobb 500-day-old broiler chicks.The chicks were randomly selected and allotted to the five dietary treatments containing different inclusion levels of GNC respectively with 3 replicates and 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design on the second week of arrival after one week of acclimatization. The experimental broiler starter diets were provided for three weeksad libitum. Experiment I was completed at the age of 4 weeks (3 weeks of feeding starter diets) when two (2) birds per replicate were randomly selected subjected to various assessments. Experimental II continued with the remaining eight (8) birds per replicate and fed broiler finisher diets without toxin binder from the beginning of the 5th week until the end of the 8th week. Experiment III involved random allocation of 120 birds fed the control diets from day old until the end of the 4th week of age on the experimental finisher diets in three replicates with eight birds per replicate. The second study involvedone hundred and eighty-nine (189) broiler chicks fed diet containing 25% GNC as replacement of SBM from day old until the end of the 4th week. The birds were randomly distributed on seven (7) experimental diets at the beginning of the 5th week and lasted four weeks on the diets. Diets 1 and 2 contained 25 and 50% GNC as replacement of SBM respectively without toxin binders. The remaining five (5) diets contained 50% GNC as replacement of SBM with inclusions of different brands of toxin binders. Results revealed that inclusion of GNC above 25% as replacement of SBMin the starter and finisher diets significantly (P<0.05) depressed body weight gain and feed intake among the chicks in the first 4weeks of life as well as among those were fed both starter and finisher diets. However, inclusion of GNC up to 50% as replacement of SBM in the finisher diets of birds that received only the experimental finisher diets significantly (P<0.05) led to higher weight gain and feed intake as well as the more improved feed conversion ratio. Significant (P<0.05) reductions were also observed when the inclusions of GNC were increased to 75 and 100% as replacement of SBMin the diets of broilers fed starter diets only while the groups that were fed only finisher diets and starter and finisher diets did not show a significant (P>0.05) difference in the weight of the organs.The broilers fed diets containing toxin binder had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, feed intake and better feed conversion ratio without any significant (P>0.05) difference on the haematological, serum biochemical and meat qualities of the birds. Hence, broiler productivity could be enhanced without any deleterious effects to the well beings of the birds and consumers by replacing 25% of SBM with GNC at the starter phase and 50% with toxin binder at the finisher phase of broiler chickens M.TECH.

HEALTH STATUS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED DIETS CONTAINING COMPOSITE RAW CASHEW NUTSHELL TO REPLACE CASSAVA PEELS

Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT

HEALTH STATUS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED DIETS CONTAINING COMPOSITE RAW CASHEW NUTSHELL TO REPLACE CASSAVA PEELS OYEWUMI, NIKE Raw Cashew Nut Shell (RCNS) is one of the agro-industrial waste products that could be used as ruminants’ feed. Therefore this study was carried out to investigate the effects of raw cashew nut shell meal on health status of West African Dwarf goats. Twenty (20) West African dwarf goats were used and randomly allotted to four (4) Dietary treatments of five (5) goats each in a completely randomized design. Four diets were formulated and replaced with varying inclusion levels of RCSN meal: Diet 1 the control diet had -0%; Diet 2- 10%; Diet 3- 20% and Diet 4- 30% of raw cashew nut shell meal (RCNSM). The feeding trial commenced and lasted for sixty three days (63) with the experimental goats fed ad libitum. In the last week of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of all the experimental goats for analysis of haematological and serum biochemical indices. Rumen liquor samples were collected from the goats for microbiological analysis to determine Total bacterial counts, identification and characterization of the bacteria organisms present in the stomach. The data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance, treatment means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range test. The chemical composition of the experimental diets revealed that all the parameters measured were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the inclusion of RCNSM except for the ash content. Diet 4 (30% RCNSM) had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter content of (82.87%) and crude protein (9.89%) compared to other test diets. Diet 1 (0% RCNSM) had the highest EE value of 3.94%. The NFE content decreased steadily from Diet 1 to Diet 4 with the values ranging between 55.19-57.32%. The values of ADF (34.81%) and cellulose (28.98%) of control diet (Diet 1) were highest compared to other test diets. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the haematological parameters except lymphocytes and neutrophils, with lymphocytes and neutrophils values highest in goats fed Diet 1(73.67%; 33.00%) respectively while goats fed Diet 4 recorded the lowest values (63.67%; 24.33%). None of the serum biochemical indices showed significant (p>0.05) difference among the dietary treatment groups. The varying inclusion levels of RCNSM had significant (P<0.05) influence on the rumen bacterial and coliform counts. The average rumen bacterial and coliform population increased as the inclusion levels of RCNSM increased with goats fed control diet had the least value 31.00 × 102cfu/ml; 11.00 × 102 cfu/ml; those fed Diet 4 which contained 30% of RCNSM had the highest values 58.67×102 cfu/ml ; 29.67× 102cfu/ml of bacteria and coliform counts respectively. Only Salmonella. Clostridium, Proteus and Bacillus species of bacteria were commonly isolated from the goats fed the four different diets. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) among the various dietary treatments for performance characteristics. Goats fed 10% raw cashew nut shell meal had the highest weight gain (3.11kg), final weight gain (9.77kg) and feed intake (250.09g/day) compared to the other animals given RCNS meal while goats fed 30% had the highest feed gain ratio (11.38). It was therefore concluded that addition of the raw cashew nutshell meal in this study up to 10% inclusion level did not pose any health problems to the animals. M.AGRIC THESIS

RESPONSE OF TWO BREEDS OF BROILER-CHICKENS TO THE UTILIZATION OF THREE SELECTED LEAF MEALS AND THEIR COMPOSITES AS FEED ADDITIVES

Tue, 01 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT

RESPONSE OF TWO BREEDS OF BROILER-CHICKENS TO THE UTILIZATION OF THREE SELECTED LEAF MEALS AND THEIR COMPOSITES AS FEED ADDITIVES OLASEINDE, IFEOLUWA OLAWUMI This study was carried out to determine the response of two breeds of broiler-chickens (Cobbs and Abor Acre) on the utilization of Avocado (ALM), Bamboo (BLM) and Gliricidia (GLM) leaf meals and their composites as feed additives. The leaves were manually harvested, air-dried and milled to produce ALM, BLM and GLM, respectively and mixed in ratio 1:1:1 to form the composite leaf meals (CLM), these were added to the basal diets to form the experimental diets. The diets 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 contained 5g/kg BLM, GLM, ALM, GLM+ALM, BLM+ALM, LM+GLM, GLM+BLM+ALM, respectively, while diet 1 was the control. One hundred and ninety-two each of Arbor Acre and Cobbs day-old chicks procured were distributed into the eight treatment groups of eight chicks per replicate of three replicates for each treatment of the two breeds of broiler chicks. At the end of the feeding trial, the performance indices, Carcass characteristics and relative organ weights, haematological, serum parameter and the serum antioxidants properties of birds fed the test diets were determined. All the data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS software package. Results obtained revealed a significant difference (p>0.05) in the final weight (371.60g) and weight gain (333.78g) in birds fed diet containing BLM at day 1-14 with the cobbs breed having the highest final weight and weight gain, 361.56g and 323.84g, respectively. At day 1-21 Days, birds fed diets with ALM had the highest final weight and weight gain (818.47g and 780.63g, respectively). At day 1-42, Cobbs breed also had the highest final weight (2079g) and weight gain (2041.45g). The carcass parameter also showed that wing and head weights were highest in birds fed diet with BLM (77.24g and 26.29g). Significant differences were observed in various relative organ weights, muscle development, haematological and serum parameters of birds fed the test diets. It could therefore be concluded that phyto-supplements at 5g/kg basal diet used in this study improved the growth, haematological and serum properties of broiler chickens M.AGRIC THESIS

RESPONSE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS TO DIETS CONTAINING RAW COMPOSITE CASHEW NUTSHELL IN PLACE OF CASSAVA PEELS

Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT

RESPONSE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS TO DIETS CONTAINING RAW COMPOSITE CASHEW NUTSHELL IN PLACE OF CASSAVA PEELS FAYOMI, ISAAC OMOLAYO Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) a multipurpose nut-bearing tropical plant produces huge quantity of shell, regarded as “waste” in Nigeria, after been processed to extract the nut. Despite cashew nutshell being reported to have nutritional potentials for use in ruminant nutrition, yet, its use is grossly inadequate. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the dietary effect of replacing cassava peel withraw composite cashew nut shell (CNS) meal diets on the feed/nutrient intake, fibre fraction, apparent digestibility, ruminal characteristics (volatile fatty acids, rumen pH and temperature) and weight gain of goat-bucks. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed for the study in which Sixteen (16) growing West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks were raised for 63 days in four dietary groups, where cassava peels were replaced with CNS meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement level designated as; T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Response criteria evaluated were feed intake, nutrient/anti-nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, mineral balance, weight change, ruminal characteristics and nutrient compositions. All data obtained were analysed using SPSS (2008) version 16 and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to separate the means. Goats fed T2 (10% CNS) had the best nutrient digestibility values, highest total dry matter intake (402 g/d), highest average daily weight gain (46.37 g/d)and best feed conversion ratio (8.86) compared to goats fed other experimental diets containing CNS meal. The crude fiber of the diet increased with increased replacement of cassava peel, however the fibre fractions does not follow a particular trend. The results also showed that goats fed T4 (30% replacement level) had the highest anti-nutrient intake when compared with their dry matter intake (207.69 g/day). More so, it was observed that the ruminal characteristics of goats fed T2 (10% CNS) had the highest propionic acid (24.97 mmol/100ml), butyric acid (23.9 mmol/100ml), acetic acid (25.8 mmol/100ml) and valeric acid (23.29 mmol/100ml). The ruminal fluid temperature of the goats does not follow a particular trend but the rumen pH declined progressively as CNS meal increases in the diet and ranged from 6.43 (T4) to 6.97 (T1). Goats fed T2 (10% CNS) compared well to goats fed the control diet in terms of performance. However, mortalities were recorded in goats fed diets containing 20% and 30% replacement level of CNS meal. In conclusion, CNS could be beneficial in ruminant nutrition as replacement of cassava peels with raw CNS at 10% replacement level shows no detrimental effect on their general performance. However, higher replacement of cassava peels meal with raw cashew nutshell meal may adversely affect the general performance of West African Dwarf goats. Hence, further studies should be conducted to enhance the nutritive value of CNS for optimum replacement level and for sustained or improved goat production. M.AGRIC THESIS