ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN URINE AND Chromolaena odorata LEAF EXTRACT ON SELECTED HUMAN PATHOGENS

Abstract

The antimicrobial activity of human urine and Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts were evaluated on clinical bacterial strains which include; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Candida albicans as well as their typed strains, Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218); Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 48891); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853); Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300); Salmonella typhi (ATCC 35240); Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 12453) and Candida albicans (ATCC10231). Their synergistic effects were also determined using agar well diffusion technique. The urine treatment includes fresh, fermented, photoactivated, and sterile. The extraction of plant was done using ethanol, methanol, and water. The haematological and histopathological effects of both treatments on the organs of Albino rats orogastrically dosed with Salmonella typhi were studied. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts revealed high flavonoid and alkaloid followed by saponin, cardiac glycoside, steroid, tannin and terpenoid. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity showed that photoactivated human urine possesses higher antimicrobial activity on Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other urine treatment with zones of inhibition ranging from 4.00±0.00 mm to 13.23±0.15 mm on the clinical isolates and 6.00±0.00 mm to 14.33±0.09 mm on typed isolates, while the ethanolic extract of the plant leaf showed higher antimicrobial activity on Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans with zones of inhibition ranging from 5.33±0.33 mm to 12.33±0.33 mm and 6.33±0.33 mm to 13.33±0.33 mm on clinical and typed isolates respectively. The plant extract also showed significant synergistic effect on the test organisms when used with fresh and photoactivated human urine respectively. There were significant increase in the packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell with decrease in WBC and ESR of rats infected and treated with C. odorata extract singly or in combination with photoactivated human urine (P≤0.05). The histopathology of the organs treated with the extract or in combination with urine showed hemorrhage of the intestinal villi structure, slight necrosis and mild inflammatory cell infiltration of the liver hepatocytes. This research work establishes support for the use of human urine and C. odorata as basis to be harnessed for the development of new drugs against microbial infection.