CARRIER RATE AND CONTROL OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM WOUNDS OF PATIENTS ATTENDING SELECTED GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS IN ONDO STATE.

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the carrier rate of wound infection among patients attending selected government hospitals in Ondo State, to isolate and identify the bacteria, evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the bacterial isolates, determine the plasmid profile of bacteria that showed multiple antibiotic resistance, to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina and Annona muricata against multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and to obtain different fractions of the plant extracts and characterize the bioactive components of the fractions using chromatographic techniques. Ethical clearance was obtained and questionnaires were administered. A total of 471 wound swabs were collected from the patients attending State Specialist Hospitals in Okitipupa, Ondo, Akure and Ikare - Akoko, as well as Federal Medical Centre in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The types and loads of bacteria on the wounds of the patients were determined using conventional techniques. The antibiotic sensitivity profile of the isolates was evaluated using agar disc diffusion method. Plasmid analysis was carried out on the bacteria that showed multiple antibiotic resistance. The antibacterial efficacy of V. amygdalina and A.muricata were assayed, after which the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts were investigated. Thereafter, the functional groups of the bioactive compounds in different fractions of the extracts were characterized using Fourier transmission infrared spectrophotometer. All data obtained were subjected to two – way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were separated using Duncan’s New Multiple Range test and questionnaires were analysed using chi square test with the aid of SPSS 20 at p0.05. The bacteria isolated include; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Aeromonas sp and Streptococcus pyogenes. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern depicts the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance among the bacteria.The plasmid analysis showed the presence of plasmid in S. aureus, P. mirabilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Extended spectrum of -Lactamase genes were seen in the isolates after polymerase chain reaction of Plasmid DNA. Post curing sensitivity revealed that the resistance was chromosomal mediated. Generally, ethanol rated best as the extraction solvent while cold water was the least effective solvent. The antibacterial efficacy of the plant extracts increased with a corresponding increase in extract concentration; ethanol extracts of V. amygdalina leaf increased in its antibacterial effect on S. aureus from 6.9970.003 mm at 50 mg/mL to 19.0100.015 mm. The functional groups are Alkene, alkane, alkyl halides, N-H bend of amides and Alcohol. A. muricata and V. amygdalina can serve as raw materials for pharmaceutical industries to aid the control of multiple antibiotic resistance in wound infection.