IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO ACTIVITIES OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF BRIDELIA FERRUGINEA (WILLD) STEM BARK IN ALBINO RATS INFECTED WITH SALMONELLA TYPHI

Abstract

In-vitro and in-vivo activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark in albino rats infected with Salmonella typhi was studied. Standard methods were employed for the microbiological analysis of the isolate, antibiotics sensitivity, antibacterial activities, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, infectious doses, acute toxicity, anti-typhoidial activity, haematological, histopathological and phytochemical screening. Results revealed that the ethanol extract had the highest percentage recovery of 14.0% while that of the aqueous extract was 11.2%. Antibacterial susceptibility pattern of the bacteria isolate on the stem bark aqueous and ethanol extracts was 28.00mm to 26.17mm respectively for typed isolate with zones of inhibition for clinical isolate ranged from 21.00mm to 18.33mm on ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern showed that the clinical isolate S. typhi was resistant (0.00mm) to septrin, chloramphenicol, augmentin, amoxicillin and sparfloxacin. Susceptibility to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, perfloxacin and ofloxacin ranged from 12.00mm to 20.00mm. The typed isolate was susceptible to all other antibiotics with zones of inhibition ranging from 21mm to 24.17mm but resistant (0.00mm) to augmentin and amoxicillin. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of plant revealed reduced values in heamatological analysis, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Heamoglobin (Hb) and Red Blood Cells (RBC) in all infected and treated rat groups. There was increase in White Blood Cells (WBC) and Lymphocytes (LYMPH) of all the experimental rats in groups treated with the aqueous and ethanol extracts at (P≤ 0.05) when compared with the control groups. Infected and untreated groups revealed a higher increase. Values of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Heamoglobin Concentration (MCHC) in the un-infected rats groups was similar. The histopathological analysis of the kidney and liver of the experimental rats that were treated with aqueous and ethanol extracts revealed the presence of normal architecture of nephron with intact glomeruli room and well –formed Bowman’s capsule when compared to the control groups (un-infected) except for the possible deposition of IM (Immunological Materials) in the glomeruli basement, several tubular cell damage and Karyolysis respectively. However, the liver of aqueous and ethanol extracts treated groups revealed the presence of normal architecture of hepatocytes, well organised sinusoids and central vein on the control groups but when compared with the treated groups, dilation of sinusoids, haemorrhage, hepatic sinusoids depletion separating the hepatic cord in place lined by kupffer cells was observed. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoid, terpenoid, cardiac glycosides and steroids in both extracts. The quantitative comparative analysis showed that alkaloid was higher (9.74± 0.19) in aqueous extract than ethanol extract (7.59 ± 0.03). Flavonoid was low in aqueous (3.32 ± 0.00) and ethanol extract (2.57± 0.01). The stem bark extracts of Bridelia ferruginea can be found relatively safe. However, excessive use might be toxic to the kidney and the liver