ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM SELECTED COCOA FARMS SOIL FUNGI

Abstract

Soil samples were collected from fifty years old and one hundred years old cocoa farms in Ikota and Eri-pose in Ondo State and the physicochemical properties of the soil were determined using standard procedures. Ikota cocoa farms soil, the pH of the one hundred and fifty years old cocoa farms ranged from 5.44 ± 0.06 to 6.40 ± 0.00; Al+3 content ranged from 0.92 cmol / kg ± 0.40 to 1.60 cmol / kg ± 0.25; H+ also ranged from 10.84 cmol / kg ± 1.37 to 8.52 cmol / kg ± 1.03; exchange acidity ranged from 11.76 cmol / kg ± 1.28 to 10.12 cmol / kg ± 0.86; Ca+2 content ranged from 4.10 cmol / kg ± 0.15 to 4.86 cmol / kg ± 0.35; Na+ content ranged from 0.36 cmol / kg ± 0.01 to 0.41 cmol / kg ± 0.04; K+ also ranged from 0.30 cmol / kg ± 0.05 to 0.35 cmol / kg ± 0.01. effective cation exchange capacity ranged from 18.56 cmol / kg ± 1.31 to 16.91 cmol / kg ± 0.76; the percentage Base saturation ranged from 39.34 % ± 2.87 to 45.04 % ± 0.30. While Eri-pose cocoa farms soil, the pH of the one hundred and fifty years old cocoa farms ranged from 5.30 ± 0.04 to 5.49 ± 0.01; Al+3 contents 0.28 cmol / kg ± 0.08 were the same; H+ also ranged from 0.40 cmol / kg ± 0.06 to 0.46 cmol / kg ± 0.08; the exchange acidity ranged from 0.68 cmol / kg ± 0.07 to 0.74 cmol / kg ± 0.08; Ca+2 content ranged from 3.10 cmol / kg ± 0.05 to 1.78 cmol / kg ± 0.06; Na+ content ranged from; 4.89 cmol / kg ± 0.05 to 3.10 cmol / kg ± 0.01; K+ ranged from 3.13 cmol / kg ± 0.03 to 2.21 cmol / kg ± 0.06; effective cation exchange capacity ranged from 12.56 cmol / kg ± 0.69 to 8.40 cmol / kg ± 0.01 and the percentage Base saturation ranged from 93.84 % ± 1.33 to 90.74 % ± 0.80. Eight fungi were isolated from the cocoa farms soil using standard procedure, out of these fungi; Pleurothecium recurvatum, Penicilium notatum and Neurospora crassa had strong biological activities when antagonized with C.albican, A.niger, A.flavus and M.mucedo These fungi were fermented in a fabricated fermenter for maximum yield of fungi for two weeks. The metabolites were extracted and fractionated using column chromatography. Fractions were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The active fractions were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometer. Fraction B1 isolated from P. recurvatum, revealed nine major bioactive compounds that have been found very useful in the formulation of various pharmaceutical drugs. These compounds include; 1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione,6-(ethyl amino), 2-myristynoyl pantetheine, Tertbutyloxyformamide,N-methyl-N-[4-(1pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl],9,10-Ethanoanthracene,9,10-dihydro-11,12-diacetyyl, 1H Cyclopropa [1]phenantrene,1a,9b-dihydro- and Carnegine Fraction B4 isolated from P. recurvatum revealed nine major bioactive compounds with different percentages of total and these are lead candidates in the formulation of pharmaceutical drugs. Compounds include; Furan,4,5-diethyl-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl,5-Ethyl-5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, Oxirane,tetradecyl, Hydrocinnamic acid,o-[(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)methyl] and p-cymene . Fraction X1 isolated from P. notatum, nine bioactive compounds were identified and these have been found useful in the formulation of drugs that have pharmacological activities. These compounds include; Desulphosinigrin, 2 (3H) Naphthalenone, 4, 4a, 5,6 ,7,8-hexahydro-4a-pheny-(R) and Benzeneethanamine, α-methyl-3-[4-methylphenyloxy]. Fraction Y3 isolated from N. crassa revealed five major bioactive compounds, these include; 1H-Indene,2,3-dihydro-1,2-dimethyl, 1H-Indene,1-ethyyidene and 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro-4-methyl