ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF Azadirachta indica (A. JUSS) and Syzygium guineense (WILD) D.C. ON BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS

Abstract

This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Syzigium guineense leaves against bacteria associated with urinary schistosomiasis. One hundred and nine (109) terminal urine samples were collected from male and female subjects across different age cohorts in Ipogun community. Parasitological and bacteriological examination of urine samples for the detection of ova of Schistosoma haematobium and associated bacteria were carried out using standard methods respectively. Fresh leaves of A. indica and S. guineense were air dried and extracted using sterile distilled water and ethanol. Antibacterial assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts against isolated bacteria were also elucidated. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolates to conventional antibiotics were determined by disc diffusion method. Phytochemical constituents of A. indica and S. guineense leaves were elucidated using standard techniques. Of the 109 urine samples examined, 81 (74.31%) were positive for Bacteriuria. Bacteriuria prevalence related to age and sex was found to be insignificant at p>0.05. Of the 109 urine samples examined, 42 (38.5%) were positive for schistosomiasis. Age and sex were significant (p<0.05) in the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis. Of the 42 samples that were positive for schistosomiasis, 32 (39.5%) were associated with bacteriuria. Bacteria encountered in order of prevalence were Klebsiella pneumonia (21.1%), Proteus vulgaris (15.60%), Escherichia coli (11.93%), Yersinia enterocolitica (10.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.217%), Enterobacter aerogenes (7.33%), Salmonella enteric (4.59%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.83%). The MIC of the various plant extracts against isolated and typed bacteria ranged from 6.25 mg/mL – 12.5 mg/mL, while the MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/mL – 25 mg/mL. Qualitatively, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid and glycoside were present in all the plant extracts, while alkaloid and phlobatannin were absent in the extracts. Quantitatively, terpenoid was the highest bioactive compound in aqueous extract of A. indica (25.15 ± 0.04) and ethanol extract of S. guineense (51.16 ± 0.03), while saponin was the highest in the aqueous extract of S. guineense (72.09 ± 1.67) and ethanol extract of A. indica (220.82 ± 0.64). This study revealed the antibacterial candidature of A. indica and S. guineense on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria associated with urinary schistosomiasis.