Abstract:
...Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body’s antioxidant defense system. ROS, including superoxide anions (O₂⁻), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), are primarily generated in the mitochondria as byproducts of cellular metabolism (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 2015). Other secondary sources are: Environmental stressors (pollution, radiation, toxins) and Enzymatic reactions (NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase)...
